Age groups are now determined by the US Soccer Federation:

The date of birth must be as follows to be age eligible

Jan 1, 2015 or Later U-8   Jan 1, 2009 or Later U-14
Jan 1, 2013 or Later U-10   Jan 1, 2007 or Later U-16
Jan 1, 2011 or Later U-12   Jan 1, 2004 or Later U-19


BEST EXPLANATION
: IF A PLAYER IS 12 PRIOR TO JANUARY 1 2023, THEY ARE INELIGIBLE FOR U-12 AND MUST PLAY U-14.  EVERY AGE GROUP FOLLOWS THE SAME CRITERIA.